Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project Adopts Hybrid Technology Model

India’s ambitious Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project, launched in September 2017, is now expected to open its first section by December 2027. The 508-km Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail (MAHSR) corridor was initially scheduled for completion in 2022, with an estimated cost of ₹1.08 lakh crore. However, delays have pushed the projected expenditure to nearly ₹2 lakh crore.

The project has faced several challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic, land acquisition difficulties in Maharashtra and differences between India and Japan over technology, costs and implementation. While Japan expected to supply an integrated Shinkansen system, India sought greater flexibility, cost-effectiveness and domestic manufacturing opportunities.

Following changes in governments in both countries and delays in securing land and statutory approvals, the original plan underwent significant revisions. Japan’s decision to phase out the E5 trainset originally intended for India further complicated the project.

The two countries have now reportedly reached a pragmatic understanding, allowing the project to move forward through a combination of Japanese infrastructure expertise, European signalling technology and Indian-built trains.

Indigenous Trains and International Signalling Shape the New Approach

Under the revised plan, India is developing its own high-speed train, designated B28, through public-sector manufacturer BEML in Bengaluru. The train is designed to operate at a maximum speed of 250 kmph. Meanwhile, the signalling contract has been awarded to a consortium involving Dineshchandra R Agrawal Infracon, Siemens Ltd and Siemens Mobility GmbH.

The ₹4,100-crore signalling project includes the installation and long-term maintenance of European Train Control System Level 2-based technology. Japanese experts will continue to oversee important aspects of design approval, construction and quality control, while Japanese financing arrangements are expected to remain in place.

However, experts have raised concerns about operating different train models and signalling systems on the same corridor. They emphasise the importance of ensuring technical compatibility and maintaining safety standards.

The project highlights the need for detailed planning, timely approvals and effective coordination in large infrastructure ventures. It also offers lessons for future India-Japan collaborations, particularly on adapting technology to local requirements while maintaining mutual trust and accountability.