Scientists solve the Indian Yak's genetic riddles, let’s learn more!

Chromosomal genome of the Indian Yak

Scientists have created the first complete chromosome-level genome of the Indian Yak (Bos grunniens), which means not only was the entire Yak genome sequenced, but the genes were also precisely located on their respective chromosomes.

Technologies employed: Long-read sequencing methods and bioinformatics resources to create the chromosome-level assembly.

Genomic Sequencing:

Genome sequencing involves deciphering the complete DNA found in human cells. In basic terms, it involves examining the whole genome book letter by letter (base by base). It establishes the exact sequence of the four nucleotide bases (A, T, C, G) in DNA.

Long-read sequencing (LRS) technology represents a third-generation DNA sequencing approach capable of sequencing longer nucleotide fragments than conventional short-read techniques. For instance, LRS has the capability to read thousands or even millions of DNA bases in one go, while short-read techniques are limited to reading only 100-300 bases per read.

Importance:

The study represents a significant advancement in yak genomic science that can assist in:

Comprehension of the genetic intricacies of the species. For example, pinpointing genetic indicators for characteristics such as cold tolerance, resistance to diseases, and milk yield.

Transforming yak breeding initiatives.

Conservation initiatives - methods to maintain yak numbers throughout the Himalayan region.

A comparative genomics analysis with other bovine species using the generated data will enable allele mining for beneficial genes related to biotic and abiotic stressors as well as quality traits.

Indian Yak:

In India, yaks are located at elevations over 7,000 feet in Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Ladakh.

Frequently referred to as the 'ship of the Himalayas,' domestic yaks play a crucial role in the economy of people living at high altitudes, raised for their meat, milk, and use in transportation.

They encounter various obstacles, such as limited grazing space, climate shifts, illness, and loss of genetic diversity.

Status of conservation:

Domestic Yaks are not listed in the IUCN Red data list.

Nonetheless, the conservation status of wild yaks according to the IUCN is Vulnerable. Wild Yaks are safeguarded by Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.