Banking Sector: A Foundation of India’s Development Narrative

Concerning the Banking Sector in India

India's banking sector acts as a financial intermediary, the main channel for credit distribution, liquidity adjustment, promotes financial inclusion, and functions as the operational foundation of macroeconomic management.

Banking Sector: A Foundation of India’s Development Narrative

Cooperative and Local Area Banks: Cater to specialized markets and rural communities.

Development Financial Institutions like NABARD, SIDBI, and IDBI support agriculture, small enterprises, and infrastructure.

Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs): More than 9,000 registered organizations aid in providing credit to overlooked sectors.

Importance of the Banking Sector in India's Development

Function in Monetary Control: The RBI, as the monetary authority, utilizes banks to execute its policy position:

Interest Rate Transmission: Adjustments in the repo rate directly impact lending and deposit rates among banks.

Liquidity Operations: Banks engage in RBI's Variable Rate Repo (VRR) and Reverse Repo (VRRR) auctions to oversee short-term liquidity.

Credit Growth: Through personal loans, services, and agriculture, facilitating monetary transfer and economic activity.

Function in Financial Oversight:

Management of Public Debt: Financial institutions invest in government securities (G-Secs), aiding in covering fiscal shortfalls.

Subsidy Distribution: Via Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT), banks facilitate the smooth allocation of welfare programs such as PM-KISAN and LPG subsidies.

Programs such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana have created more than 56 crore zero-balance bank accounts.

Digital technologies like UPI, mobile banking, and digital wallets have transformed access to financial services, particularly in rural regions.

Tax Collection and Refunds: Financial institutions enable electronic transactions for income tax, GST, and customs duties, enhancing financial processes.

Economic Development and Credit Growth: The Ministry of Finance states that the Indian banking sector effectively directs resources from depositors to borrowers, thereby improving economic efficiency and promoting growth.

Assistance for MSMEs: Financial institutions offer customized loan options to micro, small, and medium businesses, which play a vital role in job creation and innovation.

Issues & Obstacles in India’s Banking Sector

Asset Integrity and Non-Performing Loans (NPLs):

Concealed Pressure: Loan recoveries have lagged behind slippages, particularly after crisis restructuring.

Sectoral Weaknesses: MSMEs and agriculture still encounter difficulties in accessing credit, raising default risks.

Adequacy of Capital and Compliance with Basel III:

Basel III Transition: While bigger banks are adjusting, smaller organizations might find it difficult to comply with international benchmarks.

Inter-bank Connections: Elevated interconnectivity heightens systemic risk amid financial crises.

Inclusion Financial vs. Profitability:

Rural Outreach: Financial institutions are moving into neglected regions, yet issues with digital skills and infrastructure remain.

Net Interest Margins: Indian banks uphold elevated margins relative to international counterparts, prompting concerns regarding efficiency and competitiveness.

Rivalry and Unification:

Decreased Competition: Mergers can result in market consolidation and fewer options for consumers.

Risk-taking Behavior: Fierce rivalry among private banks may result in hazardous lending and investment approaches.

Cybersecurity Risks:

Threat Varieties: Phishing, ransomware, DDoS attacks, and fraudulent applications present significant dangers to economic security.

Significant Exposure: Banks represent close to one-fifth of all documented cyber incidents in India.

Significant Changes in India’s Banking Sector

Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025: It enacted 19 modifications in five key banking statutes:

Improvements in Governance: Tenures of directors in cooperative banks in accordance with the 97th Constitutional Amendment.

Audit Reforms: Public Sector banks (PSBs) authorized to provide competitive salaries to statutory auditors, enhancing audit quality.

Investor Protection: Public Sector Banks (PSBs) are now allowed to move unclaimed shares and bond redemption amounts to the Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF).

Substantial Interest Threshold: Updated from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore, refreshing obsolete definitions.

4R Strategy for PSB Revival (2014): It encompasses:

4R Approach for PSB Renewal (2014)