The Chairperson of the Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) recently

The Necessity for Reforming the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

Outdated Power Dynamics: The existing framework of the UNSC mirrors the geopolitical landscape of 1945, immediately following World War II. The five permanent members (USA, UK, France, Russia, China) possess permanent seats and veto authority, despite significant shifts in the global power balance. Consequently, the Council fails to accurately represent contemporary economic and political realities.

Insufficient Representation: Both Africa and Latin America lack permanent representation, despite their substantial contributions to global population, peacekeeping efforts, and economic development. The underrepresentation of developing nations diminishes the UNSC's legitimacy and moral authority.

Doubtful Legitimacy and Effectiveness: The veto power held by the P5 often results in stalemates, hindering decisive action during crises, as seen in situations like Syria and Ukraine.

Enhanced Global Participation: An expanded and more inclusive membership would foster broader consensus, incorporate diverse perspectives, and promote shared accountability for maintaining global peace and security.

India’s Pursuit of Permanent Membership in the UNSC

Demographic and Economic Influence: As the most populous nation and the fifth-largest economy globally, India possesses considerable regional and international influence. Its vast market, technological advancements, and strategic capabilities position it as a crucial participant in global decision-making.

Role in Global Peacekeeping: India has been a leading contributor to UN peacekeeping operations, having deployed over 250,000 troops across 49 of the 71 missions conducted to date.

Democratic Credentials: As the largest democracy in the world, India's inclusion is argued to enhance the democratic balance within a Council that currently includes authoritarian regimes.

Nuclear Responsibility: Although India is a nuclear-armed nation, it adheres to a 'No First Use' policy and is committed to non-proliferation, despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which it views as discriminatory.

Opposition and Challenges

Consensus on Reforms: The reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) necessitates a two-thirds majority in the General Assembly, which equates to 129 out of 193 members, along with the consent of all five permanent members (P5).

India has garnered backing from several regional organizations, such as the African Union, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and members of ASEAN.

China Factor: China stands as the sole P5 member opposing India's aspirations, presenting the most significant obstacle. Its geopolitical rivalry with India, ongoing border disputes, and strategic partnership with Pakistan contribute to its resistance.

Strategic Ambiguity: While India is a participant in the QUAD alongside the United States, Japan, and Australia, it also actively collaborates with BRICS, which includes Russia and China—two countries that hold contrasting perspectives compared to the West.

Role of G4: India is a member of the G4 coalition, which comprises Germany, Brazil, and Japan, and collectively advocates for permanent seats on the UNSC. However, their proposals face opposition from a rival coalition known as United for Consensus (or Coffee Club), which includes Italy, Pakistan, Mexico, and Egypt, advocating for fair regional representation rather than the addition of new permanent members.

Slow Progress in Reform: The Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) process has yielded minimal tangible results, despite ongoing dialogues. Critics contend that the discussions often result in prolonged debates without leading to decisive actions.

Conclusion

India's pursuit of a permanent seat on the UNSC signifies its increasing global influence and dedication to multilateralism. Although challenges persist, sustained diplomatic initiatives and international backing may facilitate the establishment of a more inclusive and representative Security Council.