The Perils of inclusivity without boundaries: A historical and contemporary examination

This article is inspired by a recent comment of Dr. David Frawley on X (Dec 20, 2024):

“Hindus take pride in being inclusive while conversion-based religions take pride in being exclusive. If you include those who are exclusive, they will exclude you from what is yours. Include dharma, exclude adharma.”

That is universal. That is Sanatan.

Inclusivity and Exclusivity: Lessons from Sanatana Dharma

In a world often polarized by ideology and belief systems, the distinction between inclusivity and exclusivity holds profound significance. Hindus, rooted in the principles of Sanatana Dharma, take pride in being inclusive, embracing diversity, and fostering coexistence. On the other hand, conversion-based religions often operate with an exclusive mindset, emphasizing the singularity of their truth and actively seeking to expand their reach through conversion. This dichotomy offers important insights into the dynamics of cultural, social, and spiritual interactions in today's globalized world.

The Philosophy of Inclusivity in Sanatana Dharma

Sanatana Dharma, often referred to as Hinduism, is not merely a religion but a way of life deeply intertwined with the principles of dharma (righteousness), ahimsa (non-violence), and satya (truth). It is inherently inclusive, celebrating diversity in thought, practice, and expression.

Hindu scriptures, such as the Vedas and Upanishads, emphasize the idea that truth is vast and multifaceted, encouraging seekers to explore various paths to realize the divine. This inclusivity is encapsulated in the Rig Vedic verse:

"Ekam Sat, Vipra Bahudha Vadanti"
(The truth is one; the wise call it by many names).

Hindus have historically welcomed and respected other cultures and religions, offering refuge to those fleeing persecution and absorbing elements of other traditions into their own. This openness has enriched Sanatana Dharma but has also made it vulnerable to forces that operate with exclusivity.

The Dynamics of Exclusivity in Conversion-Based Religions

Conversion-based religions often define themselves through a singular narrative of salvation or ultimate truth. Their theology is built on exclusivity, which may include doctrines asserting that their path is the only valid way to attain divine grace or eternal life. This exclusivity frequently translates into active proselytization and a disregard for indigenous traditions.

This approach can lead to cultural and spiritual erosion when introduced into inclusive societies. For instance, when an inclusive culture absorbs exclusive ideologies, the exclusivists may undermine the host culture, often claiming its practices, symbols, and philosophies while marginalizing its people.

The Perils of Inclusivity without Boundaries

Inclusivity is a virtue, but when practiced without discernment, it can lead to self-erasure. By including those who operate with exclusivity, inclusive cultures risk being excluded from their own heritage. This is not just a theoretical concern; history offers ample evidence of civilizations that have lost their unique identity through unchecked inclusivity.

The Perils of Inclusivity without Boundaries: A Historical and Contemporary Examination

Inclusivity without boundaries is often celebrated as a virtue, but history and contemporary events illustrate its perils when it is practiced indiscriminately. When inclusive societies open their doors to exclusive ideologies without discernment, they risk cultural erosion, social fragmentation, and even existential threats to their identity. Below are several examples across different civilizations and eras that highlight this danger.

1. The Decline of Indigenous European Paganism

Before the advent of Christianity, Europe was home to diverse pagan traditions, each with its gods, rituals, and philosophies. Pagan societies were generally inclusive, allowing the coexistence of various belief systems. However, when Christianity, an exclusivist religion, gained influence, it systematically eradicated pagan traditions through coercion, conversion, and legislation.

• Example: The Roman Empire’s transition from a polytheistic society to a Christian one under Constantine and subsequent emperors saw the banning of pagan practices, destruction of temples, and marginalization of traditional beliefs.
• Outcome: Over time, Europe's indigenous spiritual traditions were nearly obliterated, replaced by a monolithic religious structure that excluded alternative views.

2. The Cultural Loss of Native American Tribes

Native American tribes in North America were highly inclusive, with spiritual practices that respected nature and welcomed peaceful interaction with settlers. However, this inclusivity was met with the exclusivity of European colonizers who imposed Christianity and Western norms.

• Example: The Indian Residential Schools in the United States and Canada forcibly converted Native children to Christianity, suppressing their languages, traditions, and spiritual practices.
• Outcome: Entire generations lost their cultural heritage, leaving many tribes struggling to reclaim their identity today.

3. The Displacement of Zoroastrianism in Persia

Zoroastrianism, once the dominant religion of Persia (modern-day Iran), was inclusive and allowed other faiths to coexist. However, after the Islamic conquest in the 7th century, the inclusive Zoroastrians faced an exclusivist ideology that sought to replace their traditions.

• Example: Non-Muslims were heavily taxed (jizya), marginalized, and often forced to convert to Islam. Over time, Zoroastrians became a minority in their own homeland.
• Outcome: The ancient religion was nearly extinguished in Persia, with remnants surviving primarily in India (Parsis) and in small pockets within Iran.

4. The Decline of Buddhism in India

Buddhism originated in India and thrived alongside Hinduism for centuries, promoting inclusivity and non-violence. However, during invasions by Islamic rulers, Buddhist monasteries and universities became targets for destruction due to their perceived threat to Islamic exclusivity.

• Example: The destruction of Nalanda University by Bakhtiyar Khilji in the 12th century led to the massacre of Buddhist monks and the burning of priceless texts.
• Outcome: Buddhism, once a major religion in India, declined sharply, finding refuge in other parts of Asia.

5. The Partition of India

India's partition in 1947 serves as a poignant example of how inclusivity without boundaries can lead to catastrophic outcomes. The inclusive Indian ethos accommodated diverse religious communities for centuries, but the exclusivist demand for a separate Muslim state led to one of the most violent partitions in history.

• Example: The creation of Pakistan was based on the exclusivist ideology of a separate homeland for Muslims, leading to the displacement of millions and the death of hundreds of thousands.
• Outcome: The partition left deep scars on the subcontinent, with continued communal tensions and violence.

6. The Erosion of Tibetan Culture

Tibetan Buddhism, an inclusive and peaceful tradition, faced existential threats when China, under Communist ideology, annexed Tibet in the mid-20th century.

• Example: The Chinese government suppressed Tibetan culture, language, and religion, replacing them with state-controlled narratives and institutions.
• Outcome: Thousands of monasteries were destroyed, and Tibetans in exile struggled to preserve their heritage.

7. Demographic and Cultural Shifts in Europe

In recent decades, European countries have practiced inclusivity by welcoming large-scale immigration from regions with exclusivist ideologies. While this reflects humanitarian values, it has also led to social tensions and cultural clashes.

• Example: In some areas of Europe, inclusive laws have inadvertently enabled the establishment of parallel societies with practices that contradict the host country's values (e.g., Sharia courts in the UK).
• Outcome: Rising concerns about the erosion of European cultural identity and the challenge of integrating communities with conflicting worldviews.

8. The Marginalization of Yazidis in Iraq

The Yazidi community in Iraq, with its inclusive and syncretic faith, faced near genocide at the hands of the Islamic State (ISIS), an extremist group operating with an exclusivist ideology.

• Example: In 2014, ISIS attacked the Yazidis, killing thousands, enslaving women, and forcing conversions.
• Outcome: The Yazidi population was decimated, and their cultural heritage came under severe threat.

9. The Subjugation of Animist Tribes in Africa

Many African tribes practicing animism and polytheism have faced marginalization due to the spread of Christianity and Islam, both of which often operate with exclusivist principles.

• Example: In regions like Nigeria, traditional beliefs have been systematically undermined through missionary activities and religious conflicts.
• Outcome: Many tribes have lost their indigenous practices, with cultural homogenization becoming the norm.

10. Cultural Erosion in Modern India

Even in modern India, inclusivity without boundaries has led to challenges in preserving its indigenous heritage.

• Example: Conversion campaigns targeting tribal and rural communities often exploit economic vulnerabilities, leading to cultural alienation.
• Outcome: Indigenous traditions and practices are gradually replaced, leaving communities disconnected from their roots.

Ongoing Erosion in the Present Day

1. Christianization in the Global South

• Africa: Aggressive missionary activities continue to erode indigenous African traditions. In countries like Uganda, traditional spiritual practices are labeled as "witchcraft" and criminalized.
• India: Tribal populations in central and northeastern India are being converted through incentives and education systems that downplay their indigenous roots.
• South America: Indigenous Amazonian tribes face cultural loss as evangelical Christian groups infiltrate remote areas.

2. Islamization in South and Southeast Asia

• Pakistan: Hindu and Christian minorities face systemic oppression, including forced conversions and the destruction of temples.
• Malaysia and Indonesia: Islamic exclusivity is increasingly marginalizing indigenous Hindu and animist practices, such as the Balinese traditions in Indonesia.
• Bangladesh: Sanatana Hindu communities face persecution and pressure to abandon their practices.

3. The Erasure of Indigenous Religions Worldwide

• Australia: Aboriginal spiritual traditions are being overshadowed by dominant Christian influences, as education systems prioritize Western narratives.
• North America: Native American spiritual practices continue to struggle against the dominant Christian culture, with land sacred to Native tribes often appropriated.

4. Social Media and Cultural Homogenization

• Global platforms propagate dominant religious narratives, often ignoring or misrepresenting indigenous or minority traditions.
• In many countries, digital evangelism is actively converting individuals, erasing their cultural roots in the process.

A Need for Wisdom in Inclusivity

These examples illustrate that inclusivity, while noble, must be practiced with discernment. Societies must safeguard their core values and identity by distinguishing between what enriches their culture (dharma) and what erodes it (adharma). By doing so, they can avoid the pitfalls of unguarded inclusivity and ensure that their traditions, heritage, and values continue to thrive for generations to come.

To mitigate the risks of unguarded inclusivity, societies must proactively exercise discernment by:

1. Preserving Indigenous Traditions: Actively promoting and protecting cultural heritage through education and policy.
2. Encouraging Balanced Dialogue: Welcoming diverse perspectives without allowing exclusivist ideologies to undermine foundational principles.
3. Legislative Protections: Creating laws to prevent forced conversions and exploitation of vulnerable communities.

In a globalized world, inclusivity should not mean the abandonment of identity. Instead, it must involve the responsible integration of diverse values, ensuring that the core ethos of a society—its dharma—is safeguarded for future generations.

Include Dharma, Exclude Adharma

Inclusivity should not mean indiscriminately welcoming ideologies or practices that contradict the principles of dharma. Instead, inclusivity must be balanced with vigilance, ensuring that what is included contributes to the flourishing of dharma. This approach safeguards the universal values of truth, compassion, and justice while resisting forces of division and exclusion.

A Universal Message

Sanatana Dharma's emphasis on inclusivity is not limited to Hindus; it offers a universal lesson. In a world fractured by conflict and mistrust, the principle of "Include dharma, exclude adharma" serves as a guide for harmonious coexistence. It reminds us to embrace diversity without compromising the foundational values that uphold collective well-being.

In conclusion, Sanatana Dharma's inclusivity is a testament to its resilience and universal appeal. However, inclusivity must be practiced with awareness and discernment. By including dharma and excluding adharma, we uphold not only the essence of Sanatana Dharma but also a vision of universal harmony. This principle, rooted in ancient wisdom, is as relevant today as ever, guiding humanity toward a more balanced and enlightened future.

References for further readings:

From the history, sociology, and religious, fields

Books and Articles

• Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton University Press, 2010.
• Eaton, Richard M. India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765. University of California Press, 2019.
• Gandhi, Rajmohan. Revenge & Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History. Penguin Books, 1999.
• MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Penguin Books, 2011.
• Oberoi, Harjot. The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. University of Chicago Press, 1994.
• Sen, Amartya. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005.
• Sharma, Arvind. Hinduism and Its Sense of History. Oxford University Press, 2003.

Journal Articles

• Assmann, Jan. “Cultural Memory and the Myth of the Axial Age.” Axial Civilizations and World History, 2005, pp. 366–408.
• Frykenberg, Robert Eric. “Christian Missionaries and Hinduism.” Religion Compass 3, no. 6 (2009): 1039–1060.
• Wink, Andre. “Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 30, no. 4 (1988): 630–59.

Online Resources

• Pew Research Center. “The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050.” Accessed December 20, 2024. https://www.pewresearch.org/.
• UNESCO. “Safeguarding Endangered Languages and Cultures.” Accessed December 20, 2024. https://www.unesco.org/.

Primary Sources and Historical Accounts

• Aurangzeb, Emperor. Farmans of Aurangzeb. Translated and compiled in Sources of Indian History, ed. R.C. Majumdar.
• Chronicle of Eusebius. The History of the Church. Translated by G.A. Williamson. Penguin Classics, 1965.
• Ibn Battuta. Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354. Translated by H.A.R. Gibb. Dover Publications, 2004.

Government and Legal Documents

• Indian Census Reports. Religious Composition of India. Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2021.
• Pakistan Penal Code. “Blasphemy Laws.” Government of Pakistan, 1986.